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<h1 class="menu-title">The Rust Programming Language</h1>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#installation" id="installation">Installation</a></h2>
<p>The first step is to install Rust. We’ll download Rust through <code>rustup</code>, a
command line tool for managing Rust versions and associated tools. You’ll need
an internet connection for the download.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: If you prefer not to use <code>rustup</code> for some reason, please see <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install">the Rust
installation page</a> for other options.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The following steps install the latest stable version of the Rust compiler.
Rust’s stability guarantees ensure that all the examples in the book that
compile will continue to compile with newer Rust versions. The output might
differ slightly between versions, because Rust often improves error messages
and warnings. In other words, any newer, stable version of Rust you install
using these steps should work as expected with the content of this book.</p>
<blockquote>
<h3><a class="header" href="#command-line-notation" id="command-line-notation">Command Line Notation</a></h3>
<p>In this chapter and throughout the book, we’ll show some commands used in the
terminal. Lines that you should enter in a terminal all start with <code>$</code>. You
don’t need to type in the <code>$</code> character; it indicates the start of each
command. Lines that don’t start with <code>$</code> typically show the output of the
previous command. Additionally, PowerShell-specific examples will use <code>&gt;</code>
rather than <code>$</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3><a class="header" href="#installing-rustup-on-linux-or-macos" id="installing-rustup-on-linux-or-macos">Installing <code>rustup</code> on Linux or macOS</a></h3>
<p>If you’re using Linux or macOS, open a terminal and enter the following command:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
</code></pre>
<p>The command downloads a script and starts the installation of the <code>rustup</code>
tool, which installs the latest stable version of Rust. You might be prompted
for your password. If the install is successful, the following line will appear:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">Rust is installed now. Great!
</code></pre>
<p>If you prefer, feel free to download the script and inspect it before running
it.</p>
<p>The installation script automatically adds Rust to your system PATH after your
next login. If you want to start using Rust right away instead of restarting
your terminal, run the following command in your shell to add Rust to your
system PATH manually:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">$ source $HOME/.cargo/env
</code></pre>
<p>Alternatively, you can add the following line to your <em>~/.bash_profile</em>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">$ export PATH=&quot;$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>Additionally, you’ll need a linker of some kind. It’s likely one is already
installed, but when you try to compile a Rust program and get errors indicating
that a linker could not execute, that means a linker isn’t installed on your
system and you’ll need to install one manually. C compilers usually come with
the correct linker. Check your platform’s documentation for how to install a C
compiler. Also, some common Rust packages depend on C code and will need a C
compiler. Therefore, it might be worth installing one now.</p>
<h3><a class="header" href="#installing-rustup-on-windows" id="installing-rustup-on-windows">Installing <code>rustup</code> on Windows</a></h3>
<p>On Windows, go to <a href="https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install">https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install</a> and follow
the instructions for installing Rust. At some point in the installation, you’ll
receive a message explaining that you’ll also need the C++ build tools for
Visual Studio 2013 or later. The easiest way to acquire the build tools is to
install <a href="https://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/#build-tools-for-visual-studio-2019">Build Tools for Visual Studio 2019</a>. The tools are in
the Other Tools and Frameworks section.</p>
<p>The rest of this book uses commands that work in both <em>cmd.exe</em> and PowerShell.
If there are specific differences, we’ll explain which to use.</p>
<h3><a class="header" href="#updating-and-uninstalling" id="updating-and-uninstalling">Updating and Uninstalling</a></h3>
<p>After you’ve installed Rust via <code>rustup</code>, updating to the latest version is
easy. From your shell, run the following update script:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">$ rustup update
</code></pre>
<p>To uninstall Rust and <code>rustup</code>, run the following uninstall script from your
shell:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">$ rustup self uninstall
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="header" href="#troubleshooting" id="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h3>
<p>To check whether you have Rust installed correctly, open a shell and enter this
line:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">$ rustc --version
</code></pre>
<p>You should see the version number, commit hash, and commit date for the latest
stable version that has been released in the following format:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">rustc x.y.z (abcabcabc yyyy-mm-dd)
</code></pre>
<p>If you see this information, you have installed Rust successfully! If you don’t
see this information and you’re on Windows, check that Rust is in your <code>%PATH%</code>
system variable. If that’s all correct and Rust still isn’t working, there are
a number of places you can get help. The easiest is the #beginners channel on
<a href="https://discord.gg/rust-lang">the official Rust Discord</a>. There, you can chat with other Rustaceans
(a silly nickname we call ourselves) who can help you out. Other great
resources include <a href="https://users.rust-lang.org/">the Users forum</a> and <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/rust">Stack Overflow</a>.</p>
<h3><a class="header" href="#local-documentation" id="local-documentation">Local Documentation</a></h3>
<p>The installation of Rust also includes a copy of the documentation locally, so
you can read it offline. Run <code>rustup doc</code> to open the local documentation in
your browser.</p>
<p>Any time a type or function is provided by the standard library and you’re not
sure what it does or how to use it, use the application programming interface
(API) documentation to find out!</p>
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